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Tento výukový materiál je součástí Učebnice dějepisu v sekci Dějepis III. (novověk – 1648-1918). V rámci tohoto tématu článek navazuje na 26.díl – Rakousko a České Země v letech 1648-1790 – Marie Terezie. Po tomto díle následuje – Dějiny USA v 18. a 19. století – Válka za nezávislost, Občanská válka
V letech 1485-1603 vládli v Anglii Tudorovci. Alžběta I. (1558-1603), „panenská královna“, neměla děti. Proto v roce 1603 nastupují na trůn Stuartovci. Ti vládli (s významnými přestávkami, viz níže) až do roku 1714. Prvním Stuartovcem na anglickém trůně byl Jakub (James) I. Stuartovec, syn popravené Marie Stuartovny. Byl Alžbětou určen! Už předtím vládnul ve Skotsku (jako Jakub VI.) – personální unie!
1603 – konec Tudorovců v Anglii († Alžběta I.), nastupují Stuartovci. Ti už předtím vládli ve Skotsku → od roku 1603 je Anglie a Skotsko spojeno personální unií.
Karel (Charles) I. (1625 – 1649) – syn Jakuba I. Usiluje o větší moc a snaží se vládnout absolutisticky. Sestra Karla I. (a dcera Jakuba I.), Alžběta, byla manželkou českého krále Fridricha Falckého!
Náboženství v Anglii
- Anglikáni – V Anglii byla anglikánská církev státní, v jejím čele stál král.
- Katolíci – opovrhovaná menšina, kterou ale král toleroval.
- Puritáni – protestanti, angličtí kalvinisté. Hlásili se k nim podnikatelé, obchodníci, svobodní sedláci i část šlechty. Byli to odpůrci krále, odmítali nadvládu anglikánské církve → král je pronásledoval. Proto často utíkali do Severní Ameriky.
Puritáni = „čistí“. Skromné oblečení. V roce 1630 například asi 1000 puritánů založilo přístav Boston ve státě Massachusetts. V Irsku (de facto anglická kolonie) převažovali katolíci, ve Skotsku (personální unie s Anglií) presbyteriáni (skotští kalvinisté).
1628 – parlament si na králi vynutil Petitions of Rights („Žádost o právo“). Král v něm musel slíbit, že: 1)nebude vybírat daně bez souhlasu parlamentu a 2)že nedá nikoho zatknout bez dostatečného důvodu.
1629 – spory krále s parlamentem → král parlament rozpustil a vládně bez něj až do roku 1640. Králi ale chyběly příjmy z řádných daní (ty mohl povolit pouze parlament). Vypisoval proto mimořádné daně a poplatky – cla na dovoz, výsady na výrobu různých druhů zboží, prodával úřady a tituly. Stejně to ale nepokrylo jeho náklady a zadlužoval se.
1639 – proti Karlovi I. vypuklo povstání ve Skotsku. Král se totiž i ve Skotsku pokoušel zavést anglikánskou církev. Skotové se vzbouřili a vpadli dokonce i do Anglie.
Král nebyl schopen povstání ve Skotsku potlačit, protože neměl peníze na pořádné vojsko → v roce 1640 proto znovu svolal parlament, který potřebuje, aby mu schválil nové daně. Parlament si ale kladl požadavky. Mimo jiné požadoval, aby král potrestal své dva rádce (lord Stratford, arcibiskup Laud). Král nakonec ustoupil a nechal oba rádce popravit. Tento parlament se nazývá „dlouhý parlament“ – zasedal totiž dlouho, 1640-1653.
Ve skutečnosti to bylo složitější: král nejdříve odmítnul požadavky parlamentu a rozpustil, ho, ale nový útok Skotů ho přiměl, aby ještě téhož roku, 1640, svolal druhý (dlouhý) parlament. Tomu zpočátku ustoupil a nechal oba rádce popravit.
Občanská válka v Anglii 1642-1649
1642 – král se opět pokusil upevnit moc a nařídil zatknout vůdce opozice v parlamentu. Tento záměr se mu nezdařil (plán prozrazen) a král raději utekl z Londýna do severní Anglie, kde shromáždil vojsko. Vypuká občanská válka mezi králem a parlamentem.
král – měl podporu hlavně v severní a severovýchodní Anglii. Podporovala ho i venkovská šlechta a nábožensky hlavně anglikáni a katolíci.
parlament – jeho vojsko podporoval hlavně Londýn a jihovýchod Anglie. Nábožensky ho podporovali puritáni (de facto angličtí kalvinisté). Puritáni se rozdělili do tří politických směrů:
- presbyteriáni – umírnění. Byli ochotni přijmout konstituční monarchii.
- independenti – „střed“. Spíše byli radikální, ale ne tak, jako levelleři. Chtěli republiku. Jejich vůdcem byl Oliver Cromwell (vzděláním právník).
- levelleři – „rovnostáři“, radikálové.
Zpočátku mělo navrch v občanské válce vojsko krále, ale pak se karta obrátila.
1644 – bitva u Marston Mooru – obrat ve válce. Rozhodující podíl na tomto vítězství vojsk parlamentu měla Cromwellova soukromá armáda (Ironsides – železnobocí). Po této bitvě bylo Cromwellovi svěřeno velení nad celým vojskem parlamentu.
1645 – bitva u Naseby – rozhodující bitva celé války. Vojsko krále rozdrceno (ztratil celé dělostřelectvo). Král uprchnul do Skotska.
1647 – Skoti nakonec krále zajali a prodali ho parlamentu.
Během války soustředil rozhodující moc do svých rukou Oliver Cromwell (independent). Později se nejdříve spojil s radikály (levelleři) a vyhnal z parlamentu své umírněné odpůrce (presbyteriáni). V novém („kusém“) parlamentu pak již seděli jen příznivci Cromwella (independenti + levelleři).
1649 – nový („kusý“) parlament odsoudil krále za velezradu k smrti. Král byl popraven. Konec občanské války. Byla vyhlášena republika
Anglie republikou (1649-1660) a Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell dále posiluje svoji moc. Nyní zlikvidoval radikály (levellery – už je nepotřeboval). Cromwell použil podobný postup jako později Robespierre ve Francii – nejdřív se spojil s radikály proti umírněným a pak zlikvidoval i radikály a nakonec zavedl osobní diktaturu.
Cromwell se opíral hlavně o armádu a o podnikatelské vrstvy. Buduje silné loďstvo a podporuje obchod. Nejdřív má funkci „předseda státní rady“ – něco jako premiér.
1651 – Navigační akta (zákon o plavbě a obchodu). Zákon vydán Cromwellem. Zboží z kolonií smí nyní do Anglie dovážet jen anglické lodě. Zákon byl namířen proti Holandsku (Nizozemí), tehdejší největší námořní velmoci, která ovládala obchod s koloniemi. Zákon vedl k sérii námořních anglo-nizozemských válek (1652-1674). Angličané nakonec zvítězili a získali na moři převahu. V roce 1664 mj. zabrali během válek holandský Nový Amsterdam a přejmenovali ho na New York. Zákon a následné války posílily anglický námořní obchod a Anglie se stala největší námořní velmocí (bude platit až do první světové války).
1653-1658 – Cromwellova diktatura. V roce 1653 Cromwell rozehnal (dlouhý) parlament. Stal se „lordem protektorem“ a nastolil vojenskou diktaturu. Zavedl cenzuru, zakázal divadlo, dostihy, tanec, sázky (puritán) → jeho režim silný, ale nepopulární. V roce 1658 Oliver Cromwell zemřel. Po něm nastoupil do funkce lorda protektora jeho syn Richard Cromwell (1658-1659), ale ten byl slabý a abdikoval.
1660 – restaurace Stuartovců, konec republiky.
Na trůně se pak vystřídají další dva Stuartovci, Karel II. (1660-1685) a Jakub II. (1685-1688), bratr Karla. Stuartovce prosadil na trůn generál Monk (generál z let občanské války) a skotská armáda. Karel II. vládnul víceméně konstitučně. Mj. byl za něj schválen v roce 1679 Habeas Corpus Act, který zabezpečil osobní svobodu občanů. Upravoval postup při zatýkání a omezoval vazbu.
1688 – Slavná revoluce (Glorious Revolution) – Jakub II. (2. Stuartovec na trůně) se opět snažil vládnout absolutisticky a navíc byl katolíkem, a tak byl svržen. Revoluce byla nekrvavá. Odpůrci krále povolali do země Viléma III. Oranžského.
Vilém III. Oranžský byl zeť Jakuba II., měl za manželku jeho nejstarší dceru Marii. Oficiálně pak vládli v Anglii oba dva (Marie II. Stuartovna), ve skutečnosti ale Marie do vlády nezasahovala.
1689 – Bill of Rights (Listina práv) – tímto dokumentem přiznal král Vilém III. Oranžský parlamentu právo schvalovat daně a zaručil svobodu projevu. Anglie se definitivně stává konstituční monarchií!
1707 – vznik Velké Británie. Dosavadní personální unie Anglie a Skotska se změnila v unii skutečnou. Parlamenty obou zemí byly sloučeny v jeden, který zasedá v Londýně. Vzniká jednotný stát!
Po smrti Viléma III. Oranžského v roce 1702 vládla Anglii druhá dcera Jakuba II., Anna Stuartovna. Po její smrti nastupuje v Anglii hannoverská dynastie (1714-1901). Kurfiřt hannoverský byl totiž pravnuk Karla I. Byl to Němec a neuměl anglicky. Hannoversko bylo tehdy spojen s Velkou Británií personální unií.
Datum poslední aktualizace: 14.11.2018
Tento výukový materiál je součástí Učebnice dějepisu v sekci Dějepis III. (novověk – 1648-1918). V rámci tohoto tématu článek navazuje na 26.díl – Rakousko a České Země v letech 1648-1790 – Marie Terezie. Po tomto díle následuje – Dějiny USA v 18. a 19. století – Válka za nezávislost, Občanská válka
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