Obsah
Faerské ostrovy (faersky Føroyar, dánsky Færøerne) je souhrnný název pro skupinu 22 ostrovů v severním Atlantiku. Nacházejí se zhruba uprostřed pomyslného trojúhelníku, tvořeného východním pobřežím Islandu, západním pobřežím Norska a severním pobřežím Skotska. Skotsko je z uvedených zemí nejblíže – necelých 400 kilometrů od Faerských Ostrovů. Celková rozloha souostroví je 1399 km2 a v roce 2021 zde žilo asi 52 934 obyvatel. Hlavním městem je Tórshavn (dánsky Thorshavn) se 22 350 obyvateli, který leží na největším ostrově Streymoy (dánsky Strømø).
Geografie Faerských Ostrovů
Faerské Ostrovy jsou sopečného původu. Byly vytvořeny (podobně jako Island) výlevy čediče z podmořských zlomů, na rozdíl od Islandu se zde však dnes nenacházejí žádné činné sopky. Z 22 ostrovů je jich obydleno pouze 5. Nejvyšší horou Faerských ostrovů je Slaettaratindur (882 m.n.m.). Převažující počasí na Faerských ostrovech je deštivé a mlhavé, s typickým oceánským podnebím (poměrně teplé zimy, chladná léta). Teploty jsou vyšší, než by odpovídalo poloze na 62. rovnoběžce, neboť zdejší podnebí je výrazně ovlivňováno teplým Golfským proudem. Průměrná roční teplota je proto 7oC, což odpovídá přibližně průměrné teplotě v České republice v nadmořské výšce 500 m.n.m. Povrch ostrova je porostlý mechy a travinami. Ostrovy jsou vystavené bouřlivým větrům, které dovolují vyrůst stromům jen v chráněných údolích. Z fauny zde žijí hlavně různé druhy ptáků a tuleni.
Historie Faerských Ostrovů
Faerské ostrovy byly osídleny už kolem roku 700 n.l. irskými mnichy. V 8.-9. století obsadili ostrovy norští Vikingové a v roce 1035 se ostrovy připojily k Norsku. Později se staly spolu s Norskem součástí Dánska (1380). Norsko bylo od Dánska odtrženo až v roce 1814, avšak Faerské ostrovy Dánsku zůstaly. Za druhé světové války, kdy Němci okupovali Dánsko, obsadili Faery Britové.
Od roku 1948 jsou Faerské ostrovy autonomní součástí Dánska (mají úplně stejný status jako Grónsko). Mají vlastní faerský parlament (Lagting), ve kterém zasedá 32 poslanců. A dále, stejně jako Grónsko, vysílají své dva zástupce i do dánského parlamentu. Faeřané mají vlastní autonomní vládu, vlastní vlajku, vlastní měnu (faerskou korunu), vydávají vlastní poštovní známky a také mají vlastní jazyk – faerštinu. Ve škole se ovšem všichni povinně učí i dánštinu. Faerština je od dánštiny poměrně odlišná, protože je odvozená od staré norštiny. Faerské ostrovy nebyly nikdy členem Evropských společenství a nejsou ani členy Evropské unie. Zde je rozdíl oproti Grónsku – Grónsko členem ES bylo, ale v roce 1985 z něj vystoupilo, kdežto Faery se členy nestaly nikdy. Dánskou vládu zastupuje na Faerských ostrovech vysoký komisař. Faeřané jsou stejně jako Dánové luteránští protestanti. V průměru se obyvatelé ostrovů dožívají 79 let (muži 76 let, ženy 83 let).
Ekonomická situace na Faerských ostrovech
Ekonomicky žijí Faeřané především z rybolovu a chovu ovcí, pěstují se i brambory. Ovce sem dovezli Vikingové již v 9. století a daly ostrovům i jméno – „Ostrovy ovcí“. Rybolov (a rovněž lov velryb) má ovšem dnes daleko větší význam a ryby a výrobky z ryb tvoří drtivou většinu faerského exportu. Veškerou spotřebu elektrické energie pokrývají vodní elektrárny. Hlavním obchodním partnerem jsou pro Faerské ostrovy (vedle Dánska) Německo a Velká Británie. Země má pravidelné lodní spojení s Dánskem, Velkou Británií, Norskem a Islandem. Turisté se zde někdy zastavují cestou na Island. Existuje i letecké spojení s Dánskem, Norskem a Islandem.
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